Vitamins requirement during the second trimester of pregnancy

Folic acid requirement during the second trimester of pregnancy:

Adequate intake of folic acid during the second trimester of pregnancy reduces the risk of preeclampsia or pregnancy induced hypertension..

Low folate levels during second trimester of pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of preterm birth...

Vitamin requirement during second trimester of pregnancy:

Low vitamin C intake during second trimester of pregnancy is associated with premature delivery,preterm labour and premature rupture of the membrane...

Vitamin D requirement during second trimester of pregnancy:

It is important for calcium and phosphorous absorption and bone development is rapid during second trimester of pregnancy...

Vitamin E requirement during the second trimester of pregnancy:

High level of vitamin E during second trimester is positively corelated with birth weight and length of full term infants..

Antioxidant like vitamin E reduces the oxidative stress and plays an important role in fetal growth..

Vitamin A requirement during the second trimester of pregnancy:

Pregnant women should have vitamin A during her second trimester of pregnancy as the development of skin,eyesight and bones takes place during this time...

Vitamin B6 requirement during the second trimester of pregnancy:

It helps to metabolize protein and id directly involved in energy production...

It plays a significant role in the development of fetal nerves,brain and red blood cells...

Vitamin B12 requirement during second trimester of pregnancy:

Vitamin B12 deficiency during the second trimester of pregnancy causes an increase in a certain amino acid which is associated with several pregnancy complications...

Requirement of minerals during the second trimester of pregnancy

Iron requirement during the secnd trimester of pregnancy:

During the second trimester iron requirements begin to increase...

There is an increase in oxygen consumption by both mother and fetus...

There is a progressive rise in the absorption of iron during the second trimester of prenancy...

Iron absorption from a highly bioavailable diet containing adequate amount of iron is 1.9 mg/day during the second trimester of pregnancy...

Calcium requirement during second trimester of pregnancy:

There is an increased efficiency of absorption of calcium...

It is important for further fetal bone and teeth development..

Adequate calcium intake prevents pregnancy induced hypertension or preeclampsia and help to prevent preterm labour...

Adequate maternal intake of calcium during second trimester prevents increasing blood pressure in fetus...

Adequate calcium intake improves the bone mineral density of the fetus..

Zinc requirement during the second trimester of pregnancy:

Zinc deficiency leads to increased maternal morbidity,prolonged gestation,inefficient labour,uterine bleeding and increased risk to fetus...

Maternal zinc deficiency causes intrauterine growth retardation and low birth weight infants..

Maternal zinc concentration in the second trimester is the best predictor of fetal birth weight..

Magnesium requirement during the second trimester of pregnancy:

Low magnesium level in second trimester leads to premature uterine contractibility and preterm birth..

Week 24 to Week 26 of Second trimester

If fetus is delivered now,it can survive with the help of medical technology...
The unborn fetus is covered with a fine,downy hair and the skin is protected by a waxy substance..

Some of this substance may still be on the child's skin at which time it will be quickly absorbed...

Fetus is now pretty well built portion wise even though it still has little body fat and its skin is thin..

The brain grows rapidly and the fetus starts to fill the space in the mother's uterus..

The fetus practices breathing by inhaling amniotic fluid in to developing lungs...

The fetus develops sleeping and waking cycles and mother will begin to notice when each of this takes place...

The fetus has a startle reflex and the air sacs in the lungs have begun formation...

The brain will be developing rapidly over the next few weeks...

The nervous system has developed enough to control some functions..

The fetus reaches about 14 inches(35.5 cm) in length and weighs about 2 and 1/4 pounds..

The fetus makes breathing movements but there is no air in the lungs yet...The fetal brain scan will show response to touch...
 
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Beauty Resolutions

Never sleep with your make-up on..Eye make-up builds on lids and lashes,causing puffiness while foundation left on overnight can lead to clogged pores and acne..So use a natural cleanser and eye make-up remover to wipe away the day's grime..

Never brush your hair while it's wet...This tugs and tears your hair resulting in split ends...Wait until hair is dry and then use a wide-toothed comb and work from the ends up to the roots...

Have fabulous looking nails at all times...Hands are always on show,so keep them in tip-top shape...Hot nail shades for spring will be coral and fuschia..Invest in a nail care kit..

Fake some Michelle Pfeiffer cheek bones...All it takes is some crafty work with a pale bronzer..Use a fluffy brush to dust it down the sides of your nose,under your cheekbones,across your temples and under your chin...The result will be an instant classy structure!!

Drink eight glasses of water everyday..Water is the number one beauty miracle that hydrates,cleanses and makes you feel fantastic..

Use your fourth finger to apply concealer..It's the weakest of your fingers,so use it to pat and blend concealer without dragging your skin..

Dont rub your wrists together after applying perfume..Everyone has done it but it crushes the scene,altering its true aroma..Instead simply spray perfume in to bare skin..Hot spots include wrists,elbows and the collar bone..

Force yourself out of a make-up rut..It's time to experiment with colour...Bold lips and bright eyelids will be the key looks for spring..Start with a bright eyeliner or lipstick..Or dab shimmery eyeshadow on the centre of your top eye lids..
 
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Week 21 to Week 23 of Second Trimester

Lanugo now covers the fetus's entire body...
The eyebrows and eyelids are fully developed and the fingernails cover the fingertips..

Fetus in the uterus can hear the sounds from a conversation outside the uterus..

If mother talks,reads or sings to her fetus,it is heard by the fetus..

The fetus is beginning to have the look of a newborn infant as the skin becomes less transparent while fat begins to develop...

The fetus is now proportioned like a newborn except it is a thinner version of a newborn baby since it's baby fat hasnt developed yet...

All the components of the eyes are developed..

The liver and pancreas are working hard to develop completely...

The fetus reaches about 10 to 11 inches(25.4 cm to 27 cm)in length and weighs about 1 to 1 and 1/4 pounds...

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Seizure In Adults

A seizure,also called as convulsion or fits consist of involuntary contractions of many muscles in the body...The condition is due to a disturbance in the electrical activity of the brain...Seizures usually result in los or impairment of consciousness...The most common cause is epilepsy..Other causes include head injury,some brain damaging diseases,shortage of oxygen or glucose in the brain,intake of certain poisons including alcohol...
Eplileptic seizures are due to recurrent major disturbances of brain activity...These seizures can be sudden and dramatic..Just before a seizure,a person may have a brief warning period of a strange smell or taste or a strange feeling..

No matter what the cause of the seizure is,care must include maintaining an open,clear airway and monitoring the person's vital signs like level of response,pulse and breathing..

Your aims must be to protect the person from injury,give care when consciousness is regained and also take the person to the hospital..

How will you recognise a seizure?

-Sudden unconsiousness..

-Rigidity and arching of the back..

-Convulsive movements..

Usually a person who suffers from a seizure suffers in the following way-

-The person suddenly falls unconscious..

-He becomes rigid arching his back..

-Breathing may cease..

-There may be cyanosis of the lips and the face and neck may become red and puffy..

-The jaw may be clenched and breathing may be noisy..

-Saliva may appear at the mouth and may be blood stained if the lips or tongue have been bitten..

-There may be loss of bladder or bowel control..

-Muscles relax and breathing becomes normal..

-The person usually regains consciousness within a few minutes..

-The person may act strangely and may be unaware of his actions..

-After a seizure the person may be tired and may go back to sleep..

If you see a person suffering from seizure,make sure you make enough space around the affected person..Ask bystanders to move away..Remove potentially dangerous things away from the person such as hot drinks and sharp objects..Also make a note of the time when it started..Should be able to not the duration of it...

Protect the affected person's head by placing soft padding underneath it..Loosen clothing around his neck..

Once seizure has ceased,open the airway to ckeck for breathing..Be ready to give chest compressions if necessary..

If he is breathing,note down the vital signs and make him rest..

Do not put anything in his mouth or use force to restrain her..

Do not move him unless he is in immediate danger..

If he is unconscious for more than 10 minutes or if the seizure continues for more than 5 minutes,please rush to a nearby hospital immediately...

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week 17 to week 20 Of Second Trimester

During the weeks 17 through 20,the following developments given below takes place in the intrauterine life of a fetus..

The fetus reaches a point where movements are being felt more often by the mother..

Fat stores begin to develop under the fetal skin..

This fat will provide energy and help to keep the baby warm after birth..

Fetal ears and head begin to stand out..Nerve endings from fetal brain hook up to ears,fetus can hear mother's heart beat,stomach rumbling or blood moving through the umbilical cord..

Fetal legs reach its relative size and muscle development also increases...

Mother will start to feel the kicks of the baby..

Fetus can hear and recognise the mother's voice..

This is an important time for sensory development since nerve cells serving each of the senses-taste,smell,hearing,seeing and touch develops in to their specialized area of the brain...

The eyebrows and eyelashes grow in and tiny nails have begun to grow on the fingers and toes..

The skin of the fetus goes through many changes and begins to produce vernix at the end of the twentieth week...

Vernix is a white past substance that covers the fetus's skin t protect it from the amniotic fluid..

A fetal heart beat could be heard by a stethescope now..

The fetus has now reached a length of 8 inches(20cm) and weighs about 12 ounces(336 gms)
 
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Physical changes in mother In The Second Trimester

During this period,many of the early symptoms of pregnancy like morning sickness and fatigue may usually disappear and the expectant mother will feel better..Mother will feel better than the first trimester..

She will be able to feel the movement of the fetus which is called quickening...Morning sickness will disappear or lessen..

Mother will start to gain weight rapidly..

Fetal growth continues and maternal uterus expands in to the abdominal cavity..

The top of the uterus reaches the navel..

Yellowish fluid will secrete from the breast...Indigestion problems like heartburn,gas and constipation may appear...

There will be shortness of breath in mother as the fetus grows bigger in size...There will be increased blood pressure in all the organs especially the lungs..

There will be increased sweating...

The skin on the abdomen and the breast stretches and stretch marks will be visible...A dark line will also form from naval down to the middle of the abdomen..High blood pressure,preeclampsia,sugar in urine or iron deficiency may develop this time..

Week 14 to week 16 Of Second Trimester

Second trimester growth and development benchmarks:



Fetus arms and neck become more defined..

Red blood cells forms in fetus' spleen..

Fetus sex becomes apparent..

Fetus grows rapidly and skeletal bones become more visible and scalp hair pattern also forms..

Fetal eyes begin to face forward and slowly move...Ears close to reach final position..

More facial muscle development happens at this time..

The fetus's skin is transparent and a fine hair called Lanugo begins to form on the head..

The fetus begins sucking and swallowing bits of amniotic fluid..

Fingerprints which individualize each human being have now developed on the tiny fingers of the fetus..

Meconium is made in the intestinal tract and will build up to be the baby's first bowel movement..

Flutters may be felt in the mother's growing abdomen as the fetus begins to move around more...

Sweat glands have developed and the liver and pancreas produce fluid secretions..

The fetus reaches 6 inches(15 cm) in length and weighs about 4 ounces(112 gm)

Knocked-out Tooth

If your child is playing in the yard and his tooth is knocked out during a fall,make sure you take him to the dentist immediately..The dentist will make sure whwther the whole tooth has come off or whether the root still remains in the gums..If a permanent tooth is knocked off,it should be replanted in its socket as soon as possible..If the person is old enough,ask him to keep the tooth inside his cheek or place the tooth in a small container of milk to prevent it from drying out...

Your aim should be to get that tooth replanted as soon as possible..

Do not clean the tooth as you may destroy or damage the tissues thereby reducing the chance of reimplantation..

Things that can be done:

1.Gently push the tooth in to the socket...Keep it in place by pressing a gauze pad between the bottom and the opposing teeth..

2.Take the person to a dental clinic immediately..

How To Treat Sore Throat

The most common type of sore throat is a rough or raw feeling,which is caused by inflammation...This problem is often the first sign of a cough or cold and usually passes within a day or two..A more severe condition occurs which is called as tonsillitis...This is at the back of the throat and when it is infected with a bacteria or virus,the tonsils are swollen,red and ulcers or white spots of pus may be seen...Swallowing may be difficult..And the glands at the angle of the jaw may be enlarged and sore..

Your aims must be to relieve the pain...

Make sure the affected person takes plenty of fluids to drink to ease the pain and stop the throat from becoming dry...

An adult can take two paracetamol tablets..A child may be given the recommended dose of paracetamol..

If you suspect the affected person has tonsillitis,then medical consultation is necessary..

You can ask the person to gargle with warm saline as many times as possible....

Also cough syrup at bed time helps...

Steam inhalation also helps...You can use vicks or  for the inhalation..

Taking lozenges also helps..

How To Treat Hiccups

Hiccups are caused by repeated spasms in which the diaphragm contracts suddenly and at the same time the wind pipe partially closes...This is a common problem..The attacks usually last for only a few minutes but occasionally they may be prolonged,tiring and painful..To relieve hiccups,you need to raise the level of carbondioxide in the blood for a few moments...Thus the normal breathing resumes..

In such cases make sure the affected person sits quietly and holds his breath for sometime for as long as possible..

If the hiccups persist,place a paper bag over his nose and mouth and ask him to rebreathe the expired air for a few minutes..

If the affected person's hiccups continue for a long time,then medial attention is required..

Maintaining Normal Body Temperature For A Baby

A baby who is sick or weighs less than 2.5 kgs at birth or born before 37 weeks needs additional thermal protection and warmth to maintain normal temperature...Below are some of the principles that can be followed..
Keep the baby clothed or covered as much as possible at all times...

Clothe the baby and cover the head with a cap..

Wrap the baby in a soft cloth and cover with a blanket..

Uncover only parts of the body that need observation and treatment..

Do not place the baby near cold objects such as a wall or window,even if the baby is in an incubator or under a radiant warmer...

Do not place the baby directly on a cold surface..

Keep the baby warm during diagnostic or treatment procedures...

Change napkins whenever they are wet...

Change diapers often..

If anything wet is applied to the skin,ensure that the baby is kept warm..

Avoid bathing the baby during the first 6 hours of life or until the baby's temperature is stable...

About Life

If someone points out your mistake,be happy that atleast someone is there who is interested in your betterment!

Never waste time thinking of people who dont care for you but spend time with people who love you..Be happy always..

A short but fantastic request..Try to keep that person happy always,whom you see everyday in the mirror!

Only two persons in the world can tell the truth about you..A dear one who is angry on you and an enemy who starts loving you!

Loneliness is what you feel inside when you dont have anyone to talk to..But it teaches you the most important thing in life,to speak to your heart!

When you truly care for someone,their mistakes never change our feelings..Because it is the mind that gets angry but the heart still loves them..

Life teaches you to love and also teaches you to cry..It may be ironical but it is true that you cant know the value of love until you cry...

When we cannot laugh on one joke over and over again,why do we cry thinking about one hurt again and again?We have just one life...Let's forgive and forget..

You can see many lips which smile for you..But it's difficult to get an eye which cries only for you..Even if you miss those lips,it doesnt matter,never miss those eyes.

People are not beautiful as they look...as they walk...as they wear..People are beautiful as they love...as they care and as they share...

Winners will not do different things but they do things differently!!

Spend more time for deep thinking...Then our mind shows the original and duplicate in a right time..

Value of Creation is not that how much you feel happy with someone...But it is that how much someone feels alone without you!

Funniest and painest thoughts of humans:They need others to understand them in all situation,but they forget to do that..

All fingers are not same in length...but when they are bent all stand equal...

A heart beats more when eyes start looking at someone silently but life seems to be more exciting when someone starts reading those eyes silently..

Sometimes we maintain silence to protect one beautiful relationship..But too much silence creates a distance in every beautiful realtionship..

Life is like a coin..Pleasure and pain are the two sides..Only one side is visible at a time but remember other side is also waiting for it's turn..

Whenever you want to know how rich you are,dont count your currency..Drop a tear and see how many hands come to wipe it...That's true richness...

Few Beauty Tips

Have you included Vitamin B2 for the perfect skin glow?Cheese or eggs in your diet will give you enough vitamin B2 to keep your skin radiant...

Pamper you skin before you sleep!At night your skin repairs and replenishes itself..Remember to moisturise before sleeping,so you wake up with supple skin!

Give your hair some tender loving care...Indulge your tresses with a protein hair treatment that moisturises your scalp and hair,leaving you with beautiful locks...

Give you hair a week- long vacation from chemical treatments!It's time to pamper it with intense moisturising shampoo and conditioner..

Treat your skin to delicious fruits this season with fruit facewashes and scrubs..

Battle ageing from within!Eat fruits like papayas and strawberries and oranges to produce collagen that strengthens capillaries ad improves your skin elasticity..

Stay calm,stay gorgeous!Stress can trigger or aggravate skin issues like acne..Relax with a yoga session or a spa experience and keep that glow on your face..

Eyes or lips?Decide which feature to highlight and keep the other light on make-up..Heavy make up on both is a faux pas...

Dont let the sun get to your genes!UV rays not only cause early ageing but also affects your DNA!So make sure you apply a good sunscreen before you step out!

Rinse right to prevent hair damage..After washing and conditioning,rinse with cold water...This closes your cuticles,reduces tangling and damage from pollution..

Get active for that radiant skin tone!Include a physical activity or sport in your schedule and you will notice how it adds a healthy glow to your face...

Facials arent the only way to gorgeous skin!Try the 3 step routine..Cleansing,toning and moisturising twice a day for a visible difference in just 3 weeks!

A good digestive system reflects on your face..Drink 8 glasses of water and eat enough fibre to keep your digestion perfect and your skin glowing..

Exfoliate regularly to unveil a softer look...It not only helps keep acne and fine lines at bay but also buffs off dead cells,leaving you with cleaner skin!

Feeding By Cup And Spoon

Make sure that the mother can properly express breast milk...
Feed the baby using a cup or cup and spoon..

Use clean utensils and feeding devices for each feed..

The utensils must be washed,boiled or rinsed with boiled water and air dried...

Feed the baby immediately after the milk is expressed..

Have the mother feed the baby..

If she is not available and is working,she should then measure the volume of breast milk in the cup,ensuring that it meets the required volume according to the baby's age..

If she is available,then hold the baby sitting semi - upright on her lap..

Rest the cup or spoon lightly on the baby's lower lip and touch the outer part of the baby's upper lip with the edge of the cup..

Tip the cup or spoon so the milk just reaches the baby's lips...

Allow the baby to take the milk...

Do not pour the milk in to the baby's mouth..

End the feeding when the baby closes his mouth and is no longer interested in feeding..

If the baby doesnot take the necessary volume of milk,have the mother encourage the baby to feed for a longer time or feed more often..

Encourage the mother to begin breastfeeding as soon as the baby shows signs of readiness to suckle..

If the baby is not feeding well,use a feeding device or make the mother express milk directly in to the baby's mouth..

Breast Milk Substitutes

If the mother cannot breast feed or express breast milk,use a commercial breast milk substitute..The mother should know how to prepare it..

If the baby is small(less than 2.5 kg at birth or born before 37 weeks gestation),use a breast milk substitute designed for premature or small babies..

Once a container of breast milk substitute is open,use the substitute within the recommended time according to the manufacturer's instructions..

Use liquid breast milk substitute within four hours of opening the container..

Check the expiry date of the breast milk substitute always..

Use aseptic technique to prepare the breast milk substitute from liquid concentrates or powders using high level disinfected or sterile utensils and containers and sterilised or boiled and cooled water...

Wash hands with soap and water..

Determine the required volume of milk for the feed according to the baby's age..

Measure the breast milk substitute and water,mix them and feed the baby using a cup,cup and spoon,or other device...Have the mother do this whenever possible...

Store remaining milk in a labelled sterile container in a refrigerator for a maximum of 24 hours...